Management protocols were developed on the following PAH emergencies: chest pain (including myocardial ischaemia), right ventricular failure, arrhythmias, sepsis, haemoptysis ('CRASH'), as well as considerations relevant to surgery, anaesthesia and pregnancy.Emergencies are not uncommon in PAH.
In 79 courses of anaesthesia, BIS monitor-derived EMG parameters (EMGLOW), and other processed EEG parameters [SEF95 (spectral edge frequency 95%), SynchFastSlow (bispectral parameter), BetaRatio (frequency parameter), total power subtypes in five frequency range], were obtained simultaneously with BIS, every 3 s. These EEG parameters were used for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of detecting three BIS levels (BIS > 80, BIS > 70, and BIS > 60) to assess their diagnosabilities.
We randomly assigned patients who had increased risk of complications after major surgery to receive light general anaesthesia (bispectral index [BIS] target 50) or deep general anaesthesia (BIS target 35).
Whilst BIS target values differed between studies, all were within a range of values between 40 to 60.BIS versus clinical signsWe found low-certainty evidence that BIS-guided anaesthesia may reduce the risk of intraoperative awareness in a surgical population that were unselected or at high risk of awareness (Peto odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.60; I<sup>2</sup> = 61%; 27 studies; 9765 participants).
Following administration of a spinal anaesthetic, patients received either sevoflurane (n=121) or propofol (n=171) at the discretion of the anaesthetist for maintenance of general anaesthesia to maintain the processed electroencephalogram (bispectral index, BIS) under 60.
The duration of action of mivacurium was evaluated during a modified neurolept anaesthesia in 17 patients heterozygous for the usual and the atypical plasma cholinesterase (pChe) gene (E1uE1a) and in five patients homozygous for the atypical gene (E1aE1a).
We hypothesised differing effects of propofol and isoflurane on inflammatory markers in patients having CBR Forty patients undergoing elective CPB were randomised to receive either propofol or isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia.
Our primary outcome was the difference between the two groups in cytokines levels (IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1) measured at anaesthesia induction, at the end of CPB, as well as 6 and 24 h post-CPB initiation.
To measure the plasma concentrations of three endogenous opioid peptides and the levels of preproenkephalin (PPE) and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients during scheduled surgery performed under intravenous general anaesthesia combined with an epidural block.
The changes (Δ) in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), rate pressure product, cerebral tissue oxygenation and peripheral tissue oxygenation between induction of anaesthesia (T0) and 10 min later (T10).
The surgeon's satisfaction or comfort with the surgical conditions was assessed using a visual analogue scale. rSO<sub>2</sub> level, mean arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, arterial blood gas analysis, intraoperative hypoxaemia, intraoperative use of CPAP during OLV, and awakening time were determined in patients at the following time points: while inhaling air (T<sub>0</sub>), after anaesthesia induction andinhaling 100% oxygen in the supine position under double lung ventilation for five mins (T<sub>1</sub>), at two mins after skin incision (T<sub>2</sub>), at ten mins after skin incision (T<sub>3</sub>), and after the lung recruitment manoeuvres and inhaling 50% oxygen for five mins (T<sub>4</sub>).
Based on our data, we can conclude: 1) HNEC brushing is performed without anaesthesia and is well tolerated in all CF patients (children and adults); 2) HNECs can be preserved for up to 48 hours before culture allowings multicentre studies; 3) HNECs culture can be considered a suitable model to study the molecular effects of new CFTR gene mutations and/or uncertain meaning specific mutations of carriers; 4) an ex vivo model of HNECs may be used to evaluate, before human use, the effect of new drugs on patients' cells bearing specific CFTR mutations; 5) the methodology is adequate for a quantitative measurement, by fluorescence, of the CFTR gating activity of the HNECs from patients with different genotypes identifying: a) CF patients bearing two severe mutations with an activity < 10% (compared to controls - 100%); b) CF patients bearing at least a mild mutation with an activity of 10-20%; c) CF carriers (heterozygous subjects) with an activity between 40-70%.
Results The escape latency and swimming distance were greater, and the number of crossings of the platform location and time spent in the platform quadrant were less in the Sev group compared with the control group. cAMP, PKA, CREB, and p-CREB protein expression was downregulated in the Sev group 1 day after anaesthesia compared with the control group.
Anaesthesia duration was associated with increase in CRP, IL-1β and IL-6; intracavitary surgery with increase in IL-6; blood loss with decrease in CRP and IL-1β; total fluid volume administered with a decrease in IL-1β and disease stage was associated with increase in IL-6.