Therefore, it remains unclear if all BOFS mutations result in similar changes to the AP-2α protein or if they each produce specific alterations that underlie the spectrum of phenotypes.
KCTD1 inhibits the transactivation of the transcription factor AP-2α (TFAP2A) via its BTB domain, and mutations in TFAP2A cause cutis aplasia in individuals with branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS), suggesting a potential overlap in the pathogenesis of SEN syndrome and BOFS.
TFAP2A has been seen involved in orofacial development in mice; it is located in the NSCLP candidate region 6p24; it codes for a transcription factor which regulates expression of IRF6, a gene implied in NSCLP; finally, it is embroiled in the branchiooculofacial syndrome, that includes clefting as feature.
(2019) use direct reprogramming, epigenetics, and chromatin architecture studies to demonstrate that developmental defects observed in a BOFS patient are caused by reduced expression of TFAP2A in neural crest cells due to the spatial separation of the promoter from its neural crest enhancers.
Here, we present a BOFS patient carrying a heterozygous inversion with one breakpoint located within a topologically associating domain (TAD) containing enhancers essential for TFAP2A expression in human neural crest cells (hNCCs).
Therefore, it remains unclear if all BOFS mutations result in similar changes to the AP-2α protein or if they each produce specific alterations that underlie the spectrum of phenotypes.
KCTD1 inhibits the transactivation of the transcription factor AP-2α (TFAP2A) via its BTB domain, and mutations in TFAP2A cause cutis aplasia in individuals with branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS), suggesting a potential overlap in the pathogenesis of SEN syndrome and BOFS.
TFAP2A has been seen involved in orofacial development in mice; it is located in the NSCLP candidate region 6p24; it codes for a transcription factor which regulates expression of IRF6, a gene implied in NSCLP; finally, it is embroiled in the branchiooculofacial syndrome, that includes clefting as feature.
We report a 2-month-old boy with bilateral branchial cleft anomalies, low-set ears, and hydronephrosis who tested positive for a mutation in the TFAP2A gene (A256V) implicated in branchio-oculo-facial (BOF) syndrome.
Second, we determined that TFAP2A is expressed in the lens, neural retina, nasal process, and epithelial lining of the oral cavity and palatal shelves of human and mouse embryos--sites consistent with the phenotype observed in patients with BOFS.