Sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder (MDD) are characterized by increased sleep latency, poorer sleep efficiency reduced latency to the first rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode, and early-morning awakening, but there is little data to indicate a role of circadian clock genes in MDD.
Furthermore, a study examining the association between Clock gene polymorphisms and insomnia revealed a higher recurrence of initial, middle, and terminal insomnia in patients homozygous for the Clock genotype.
In addition, we found that patients with difficulty in staying asleep and non-restorative sleep has increased pain scores and LOS in hospital with decreased active ROM in comparison to difficulty in falling asleep and too early awakening.
We aimed to determine if selected genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-signaling pathway and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) are associated with insomnia and early awakening in middle-aged women.
We obtained supported evidence for involvement of TIMELESS in sleeping problems in an independent set of control individuals with seasonal changes in mood, sleep duration, energy level and social activity in females (P = 0.036, = 0.123 for rs1082214) and with early morning awakening or fatigue in males (P = 0.038 and P = 0.0016, respectively, for rs1082214).