Plasma interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were higher in C-IRIS patients compared to controls (all P < .05), with IL-5 and IL-7 significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction.
Susceptibility to TB-IRD associated with carriage of TNFA-1031*T (rs1799964; P=0.05) and SLC11A1 D543N*G (rs17235409; P=0.04) in Cambodian patients and carriage of IL18-607*G (rs1946518; P=0.02) and VDR FokI (F/f)*T (rs10735810; P=0.05) in Indian patients.
TNFA-308*2 was carried by 52% of patients who experienced IRD associated with a herpesvirus infection, as several patients with exacerbations of cytomegalovirus retinitis carried this as part of a HLA-A2,B44 haplotype.
Differential expression of CXCR3 and CCR6 on CD4<sup>+</sup> T-lymphocytes with distinct memory phenotypes characterizes tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Differential expression of CXCR3 and CCR6 on CD4<sup>+</sup> T-lymphocytes with distinct memory phenotypes characterizes tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
We explore the challenges of monitoring treatment efficacy using C-Reactive protein, β-D-glucan, and imaging and the administration of chemotherapy alongside antifungals and steroids for control of immune reconstitution syndrome.
Given the temporal relationship to ART initiation, these MRI findings in the context of sterile CSF with raised CSF protein and a rapid immune reconstitution, following an earlier favorable response to treatment is most consistent with a paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.
Given the temporal relationship to ART initiation, these MRI findings in the context of sterile CSF with raised CSF protein and a rapid immune reconstitution, following an earlier favorable response to treatment is most consistent with a paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.
One month after IL-7 therapy, he developed worsening ataxia and CSF inflammation, which raised suspicion for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Immune modulation in HIV-associated mycoses remains complicated by the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and although exogenous interferon-gamma therapy may be beneficial in cryptococcal meningitis, early initiation of anti-retroviral therapy leads to increased mortality.
In the patient with NR, increased levels of Gal-9 and the aforementioned biomarkers were noted 3 days after mogatherapy, followed by opportunistic infections resembling immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Treatment with PLEX was not associated to PML-IRIS latency (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05; p = 0.92), but once IRIS emerged, its duration was significantly longer in patients who underwent PLEX (101 vs 54 days in PLEX<sup>+</sup> and PLEX<sup>-</sup> patients; p = 0.028).
Plasma IL-18 levels pre-cART correlated inversely with NO levels but positively with monocyte casp1 expression and mitochondrial DNA levels, and expression of IL-18Rα on CD4(+) T cells and NK cells was higher in TB-IRIS patients, providing evidence that IL-18 is a marker of inflammasome activation.
At the characteristic time of TB-IRIS onset (week 2), the signature is characterized by over-representation of innate immune mediators including TLR signalling and TREM-1 activation of the inflammasome.
Mycobacterial antigen driven activation of CD14++CD16- monocytes is a predictor of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Mycobacterial antigen driven activation of CD14++CD16- monocytes is a predictor of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
A non-synonymous polymorphism in IL-23R Gene (rs1884444) is associated with reduced risk to schistosomiasis-associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Kenyan population.