Currently, the identification of areas that are at risk of FMD virus incursion and spread is a priority for FMD target surveillance after FMD is eradicated from a given country or region.
Using whole-exome sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing in 19 FMD-affected individuals with no identifiable FLNA mutation, we identified mutations in two genes-MAP3K7, encoding transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-activated kinase (TAK1), and TAB2, encoding TAK1-associated binding protein 2 (TAB2).
We hypothesize that the presently reported patients represent further evidence that phenotypes strongly resembling FMD exist that are not accounted for by mutations in FLNA.
This highlights the importance of the 3A-DCTN3 interaction in FMD virus virulence and provides possible mechanisms of virus attenuation for the development of improved FMD vaccines.
Our data may indicate that in females, genotype-phenotype correlation between certain FLNA mutations and OPD1 and FMD, respectively, is less strict than previously assumed.
Our data may indicate that in females, genotype-phenotype correlation between certain FLNA mutations and OPD1 and FMD, respectively, is less strict than previously assumed.
OPD1 belongs to a group of X-linked skeletal dysplasias known as oto-palato-digital syndrome spectrum disorders that also include OPD2, Melnick-Needles syndrome (MNS), and frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD).
A dual phenotype of periventricular nodular heterotopia and frontometaphyseal dysplasia in one patient caused by a single FLNA mutation leading to two functionally different aberrant transcripts.
The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus is classified into seven serotypes, of which the South African types have South African Territories (SAT)1, SAT2, and SAT3 that are prevalent in Africa.
The results showed that IL-2 co-expressed or co-inoculated with Polytope protein enhances the immune effect of multiple epitope recombinant vaccine against FMD virus.
The results of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a levels and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 revealed that immune responses were enhanced when the epitope recombinant vaccine of FMD virus coupled with IL-2 and FcIgG.
Upon restimulation of the vaccinated splenocytes with the inactivated FMD viral antigen, significantly (p < 0.05) higher IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in culture supernatants were found in animals vaccinated with the CCL20 plasmid plus FMD vaccine, which is indicative of the T<sub>H</sub>1 type of cellular immunity.
Upon restimulation of the vaccinated splenocytes with the inactivated FMD viral antigen, significantly (p < 0.05) higher IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in culture supernatants were found in animals vaccinated with the CCL20 plasmid plus FMD vaccine, which is indicative of the T<sub>H</sub>1 type of cellular immunity.
In the FMD-CVC1302 group, the LPB-ELISA antibody titers, IgG1, and IgG2 titers, and IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ levels at 28 dpv were significantly higher than those in the FMD-vaccine group.
The increase in the expression level of IFN-γ and IL-21 at 28 DPO correlated with the increase in antibody titer as determined by LPBE suggesting the role of these cytokines in augmenting immune response to FMDV infection.