Both the effects of GADD45G and its need for E-cadherin to function on ESCC cell migration and invasion were determined through loss- and gain-of-function approaches via Transwell assays.
GADD45γ expression decreased in tumors from patients with HCC who had undergone curative surgery, and low GADD45γ expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival, in addition to old age and vascular invasion.
These results demonstrate that exposure to a common human carcinogen, Cr(VI), induces EMT and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells and implicate in cancer metastasis and prevention.