Parainfluenza virus (PIV) similarly had higher levels of GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-17A, IL-22 compared with those detected in RSV, influenza B and any other virus infection ( P < 0.05; ANOVA).
The <i>in Vitro</i> Inhibitory Effect of Ectromelia Virus Infection on Innate and Adaptive Immune Properties of GM-CSF-Derived Bone Marrow Cells Is Mouse Strain-Independent.
We observed constitutive high expression of human GM-CSF and heat-induced expression of human IL-12 after a single round of hyperthermia post viral infection.
This was not due to the effect of GM-CSF on viral expression because GM-CSF was neither necessary nor stimulatory for viral infection, nor did GM-CSF enhance the expression of env-pseudotyped reporter viruses.