Non-hematopoietic periosteal cells highly upregulated PTX3 expression during the initial phase of fracture healing, particularly CD51<sup>+</sup> and αSma<sup>+</sup> osteoprogenitor subsets, and callus tissue exhibited concomitant expression of PTX3 and FGF2 around the fracture site.
ADSC<sup>bFGF</sup> treatment increased GFP-labeled MSCs at the fracture gaps and these cells were incorporated into the newly formed callus. quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) from the callus revealed a 2- to 12-fold increase in the expression of genes associated with nervous system regeneration, angiogenesis, and matrix formation.