|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The expressed rat islet 67-kDa GAD protein is functional and is immunoprecipitated by IDDM sera; it comigrates electrophoretically with the 67-kDa islet autoantigen.
|
1924335 |
1991 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Although the level of GAD autoantibodies generally decline after IDDM onset, patients with IDDM-associated neuropathies have high levels of antibodies to GAD, years after the appearance of clinical IDDM.
|
1370298 |
1992 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Although it has been confirmed that insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a kind of autoimmune disease, islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and anti-GAD-glutamic acid decardaxylase antibodies have been found in the sera of patients with IDDM and immunotherapies have been used in some patients with IDDM, yet the manner in which the dysfunctional immunosystem acts on beta cells and causes damage to them remains to be clarified.
|
8143505 |
1993 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The gamma-aminobutyrate-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15) is a major target of autoantibodies associated with both early and late stages of pancreatic beta-cell destruction and development of type 1 diabetes.
|
7681990 |
1993 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
A natural history analysis of three individuals showed conversions from ICA which was reactive to GAD to a non-GAD-reactive ICA nearer to their clinical onsets of IDD.
|
8423231 |
1993 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
These findings demonstrate that GAD67 is a target autoantigen of T cells in IDD and suggest the possibility that GAD-reactive T cells may delineate asymptomatic subjects at increased risk for IDD.
|
8426122 |
1993 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The practicability of using recombinant GAD65 and GAD67 derived from the baculovirus expression system for the development of an immunoassay for the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is discussed.
|
8370667 |
1993 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
GAD is a major islet cell autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes mellitus.
|
8149657 |
1994 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Significant inhibition of GAD enzymatic activity by serum immunoglobulins, a potential cause of false-negative results in our immunoprecipitation assay, was not detected in seven subjects who developed IDDM in the absence of GADAb.
|
7888043 |
1994 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
To study T-cell reactivity towards GAD, peripheral blood leucocytes from seven patients with IDDM and five control subjects were stimulated in vitro with recombinant GAD.
|
8552991 |
1995 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
They suggest that GAD is an important target of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes.
|
7614998 |
1995 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
We measured insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD autoantibodies (GAAs), and ICA512bdc autoantibodies (ICA512bdcAAs) by radioassay, in addition to ICAs, in 882 first-degree relatives of patients with type I diabetes, 50 of whom later developed diabetes with a median follow-up of 2.0 years (maximum 11.3 years).
|
8666144 |
1996 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Number of autoantibodies (against insulin, GAD or ICA512/IA2) rather than particular autoantibody specificities determines risk of type I diabetes.
|
8816974 |
1996 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
We have previously demonstrated that GAD and IA-2 antibodies potentially identify different subsets of IDDM patients.
|
8897011 |
1996 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
HLA-DR, DQ and anti-GAD antibodies in first degree relatives of type I diabetes mellitus.
|
9015682 |
1996 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
In conclusion, increased cellular immunity to the mid region of GAD67 was a marker of late pre-clinical IDDM, but appears to reflect a more general, transient state of cellular immune hyperresponsiveness.
|
9185878 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
HLA-DRB1 allele typing revealed that NIDDM-SF patients positive for anti-GAD were significantly associated with DRB1*0901 (RR = 2.81, P < 0.01), which is one of the susceptible alleles to IDDM.
|
9344701 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Since glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a candidate primary autoantigen, we examined the possible linkage between IDDM and the genes encoding GAD65 (GAD2, 10p11-12) and GAD67 (GAD1, 2q31) in 58 Danish IDDM affected sib pairs.
|
9048916 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Antibodies to GAD and the tyrosine phosphatase-like protein 1A-2 were determined in sequential serum samples from 44 first-degree relatives of IDDM patients, identified as possessing islet cell antibody (ICA) and/or insulin autoantibody (IAA), who were followed prospectively for IDDM development, ICA, IAA, and antibodies to GAD and 1A-2 were also determined in 93 cases of new-onset nonfamilial IDDM.
|
9167107 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
As IDDM-preventive therapies may be available in the future, an international effort is taking place to develop widely applicable anti-GAD immunochemical tests.
|
9208924 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Different determinants in the HLA-DR locus contributed to the clinical onset of IDDM but not to GAD autoimmunity.
|
9404444 |
1997 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
A 29-year-old man was observed to develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following a 5-month treatment with recombinant alpha-2b-interferon for chronic hepatitis C. After the onset of the disease, serum samples that had, respectively, been collected before therapy commencement, at month 3, and at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were tested for islet-cell (ICA-IgG), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-Abs), IA2 (IA2-Abs) and insulin (IA-Abs) autoantibodies.
|
9551692 |
1998 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
In this study we investigated the contribution of the amino terminus to the IDDM epitope on GAD65, in order to test whether this region of GAD could explain the difference in reactivity between GAD65 and GAD67.
|
9892508 |
1998 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
This epitope as well as GAD 505-519 induces T cell responses despite binding the type I diabetes associated HLA-DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302 product with low affinity.
|
9885897 |
1998 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Median SI to GAD was higher in the patients with IDDM than in the control subjects (3.10 vs. 1.55; P = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U-test).
|
10588452 |
1999 |