Circulating concentrations of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) correlate with an increased insulin response to carbohydrate intake in animals with EMS.
Insulin levels were equivalently elevated in both Lep<sup>ob/ob</sup>/GIP<sup>+/+</sup> and Lep<sup>ob/ob</sup>/GIP<sup>gfp/gfp</sup> mice compared to controls at 8 weeks of age but the hyperinsulinemia was marginally reduced in Lep<sup>ob/ob</sup>/GIP<sup>gfp/gfp</sup> by 21 weeks, in association with amelioration of glucose intolerance.
In conclusion, enhanced GIP secretion induced by mHFD-feeding contributes to increased insulin secretion and body weight gain, whereas GIP is marginally involved in weight gain induced by ST-feeding.
Compared with IV administration, enteral dextrose increased circulating levels of the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) associated with increased insulin release and insulin sensitivity, improved mean arterial pressure, and decreased proinflammatory cytokines in endotoxemic mice.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in combination with hyperinsulinemia increase blood flow and triglyceride clearance in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in lean humans.