The glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) are also key stress modulators that play critical roles in the ischemic cascades of stroke.
Lithium chloride, a classical treatment for bipolar disorder, has shown neuroprotective effects through glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in a variety of central nervous system diseases, including stroke.
Conclusions- Neuronal Rho family GTPase 1/R-Ras/Akt/GSK-3β signaling, axonal GSK-3β expression, and astrocyte-derived exosomes with prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> synthase expression contribute to axonal outgrowth and functional recovery after stroke.