AF was associated with further energy depletion (ATP 5.4±1.2 nmol/mg, n=9) in HF (P = .001) and metabolic stress (AMP/ATP 1.6±0.1 vs 0.7±0.2 in HF alone; P = .043).
Neprilysin inhibitors may also be able to augment the effects of long-acting GLP-1 analogues to increase heart rate and myocardial cyclic AMP, and thus, potentiate these deleterious actions; if so, concomitant treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists may limit the efficacy of neprilysin inhibitors in patients with both heart failure and diabetes.
Forskolin is a unique structurally complex labdane-type diterpenoid used in the treatment of glaucoma and heart failure based on its activity as a cyclic AMP booster.
AMP activated protein kinase-α2 regulates expression of estrogen-related receptor-α, a metabolic transcription factor related to heart failure development.
Possession of the C34T mutation in AMP deaminase (AMPD1) gene has been shown to be associated with attenuation of the progression of heart failure and improved survival in ischemic heart disease.