We compared the genetic (RNF213 variant) and protein biomarkers for caveolae (caveolin-1), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor (VEGFR2), and antagonizing cytokine (endostatin)) and endothelial dysfunction (asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and nitric oxide and its metabolites (nitrite and nitrate)) between patients with Moyamoya disease and intracranial atherosclerotic stroke.
Kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, play a pivotal role in endothelial dysfunction, which may lead to silent brain infarction (SBI).