Furthermore, TAMs-derived cytokines and other proteins, such as CCL-17, CCL-22, TGF-β, IL-10, arginase 1, and galectin-3, make a significant contribution to immunosuppression.
Treatment with PLN increased immunosuppression as evidenced by increased expression of arginase-1 in CD11b<sup>+</sup>Gr1<sup>+</sup> cells, diminished M1 functionality in macrophages, and globally suppressed T-cell cytokine production.
Importantly, we demonstrate that the VLCs suppress both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells responses and that this immunosuppression is ARG1-dependent, since blockade of VLC ARG1 activity with nor-NOHA reversed the immunosuppression.