For 25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> [25(OH)D<sub>3</sub>] and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> [1α(OH)D<sub>3</sub>], protein expressions of CYP2R1 and CYP27B1, respectively, that form the active 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> [1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>] ligand were detected in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells expressing the GAL4-hVDR, the human brain microvessel endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and adenocarcinoma colonic (Caco-2) cells.
Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a member of the galectin family of glycan binding proteins that shows a significantly higher expression in cystic tumors of the human pancreas and in pancreatic adenocarcinomas compared to normal pancreas.
Through differential screening, virtual reverse northern hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) we selected five genes (TncRNA, OCIAD2, ANXA2, TMED4 and LGALS4) that were expressed at significantly higher levels in invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC.