Noticeably, the expression levels of miR-24, miR-23a and miR-145 were significantly down-regulated in AMI<sup>+</sup>AKI<sup>+</sup> patients compared to those in AMI<sup>+</sup>AKI<sup>-</sup> patients.
Chloroquine diphosphate (5 µM) inhibited the regulatory effect of miRNA‑145 upregulation on autophagy to adjust cell apoptosis, in the in vitro model of AMI.
In a multivariable linear regression analysis, AMI and heart failure were independently associated with lower Ln_miRNA-145 (estimate -0.99, standard error [SE] 0.28; P= 0.001 and estimate -0.62, SE 0.21; P= 0.004).
In particular, miR-133a/b (5 studies), miR-208a/b (6 studies), and miR-499 (7 studies) were well studied and found to be significant diagnostic and/or prognostic markers across different cardiovascular disease progression stages. miR-1 and miR-145b are potential biomarkers of ACS; miR-1 with higher sensitivity for all acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and miR-145 for STEMI and worse outcome of AMI.