Twelve-week intervention with high-RS, low-protein flour improved the blood glucose and blood lipid levels, decreased the serum uric acid (UA) and urine β2-MG, and enhanced the ability to prevent antioxidative stress in patients with early DN.
Diabetic nephropathy analysis showed significant reductions in urine volume, urinary total protein and β2-microglobulin, kidney/bodyweight ratio, and kidney fibrosis associated with subcutaneous injection of H<sub>2</sub> .
Lower serum DHA and superoxide dismutase and higher serum β2-microglobulin and 24-hour urine albumin levels were associated with clinical DN, compared to no DN and early DN.
To evaluate the associations of urinary markers (eg albumin), glomerular (eg transferrin [TRF], immunoglobulin G [IgG]), and tubular (eg α1-microglobulin [α1-MG], β2-microglobulin [β2-MG]) markers with the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes patients, as assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria.
Nonetheless B2M mRNA expression was higher in the group composed by T1D patients with incipient or overt DN combined with FSGS patients versus T1D patients without DN combined with healthy controls (P=0.0007).