Eight weeks after liraglutide or human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell administration, FPG, HbA<sub>1c</sub> , glucagon, body weight, and pancreatic ASK1, JNK, and BAX mRNA and proteins were significantly decreased, and the levels of serum C-p, INS and GLP-1, ratio of insulin positive area, and Bcl-2 expression were significantly increased in three treatment groups compared with T2DM group (P<.05).
In addition, by analyzing the genes related to apoptosis, we found that the TNFR1-, BAX-, CAPN1- and CAPN2-dependent pathways may be crucial for β-cell apoptosis in T2D.
Regulation of signaling molecules associated with insulin action, insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell mass in the hypoglycemic effects of Korean red ginseng in Goto-Kakizaki rats.