Vaccarin treatment attenuated hypertension, reduced fibrosis markers, NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2, NOX-4, 3-nitrotyrosine, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 protein levels and altered pro-apoptotic protein levels including caspase-3, anti-apoptosis protein B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-2 associated X, apoptosis regulator in the right kidney of 2K1C rats.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-activated caspase-3 through ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in sympathoexcitation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Of the 26 patients who expressed the BAX gene, 22 were hypertensive (85%), and hypertension (>160/95 mm Hg) was present in 25 of 60 patients (41%) who did not express the BAX gene (p < 0.01).