IL-33 treatment can increase the number of Foxp3<sup>+</sup> Treg cells in the ischemic brain and the levels of IL-10 and TGF- β1 in serum and brain tissues at MCAO 48 h and 72 h, but not at MCAO 24 h. In the Treg cells separated from ischemic brain tissue following MCAO treated by IL-33, the expression level of ST2 receptor was up-regulated.
Glial scar formation in vitro model was induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in C6 glial cell culture, and experiment model in vivo was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice.
Low and high scale mapping of the glial activation on brain sections of mice subjected to 30 minutes middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was correlated with that of the neuronal cell death, with markers for microvascular changes and with markers for pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) and reparative (TGFβ1) cytokines.
The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that perampanel significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas it increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 after MCAO.