|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
CCR5-specific (R5) viruses predominate during primary HIV-1 infection whereas viruses with specificity for CXCR4 (R5/X4 or X4 viruses) often emerge in late stages of HIV disease.
|
9892690 |
1999 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The bicyclam AMD3100, a selective antagonist of CXCR4, selected for the outgrowth of R5 virus after cultivation of mixtures of the laboratory-adapted R5 (BaL) and X4 (NL4-3) HIV strains in the presence of the compound.
|
10364306 |
1999 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
This score (as determined on the basis of position-specific scoring matrices [PSSM]) can be interpreted as revealing a propensity to use CXCR4 as follows: known R5 viruses had low scores, R5X4 viruses had intermediate scores, and X4 viruses had high scores.
|
14645592 |
2003 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Using our Bayesian hierarchical approach, we found that the reemergent R5 virus detectable after therapy was more closely related to the predecessor R5 virus than to the X4 strains.
|
15452249 |
2004 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Non-syncytium-inducing (NSI), macrophage-tropic viruses utilize CCR5 and are called R5 viruses; syncytium-inducing (SI) isolates use CXCR4 and are known as X4 viruses.
|
15784911 |
2005 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The neutralization sensitivity of HIV isolates is linked with the phenotype of isolates, in which syncytium-inducing (SI) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses are more easily neutralized than non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) or CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses.
|
16001833 |
2005 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
The hNOG mice showed marked, long-lasting viremia after infection with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates for more than the 40 days examined, with R5 virus-infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the spleen and bone marrow, and X4 virus-infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the thymus and spleen.
|
16954502 |
2007 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Two patients were found to harbor virus populations with only the R5 phenotype in both compartments, whereas viruses using CXCR4 in addition to CCR5 were detected in two other patients.
|
17460054 |
2007 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
HIV-1 R5 viruses cause most of the AIDS cases worldwide and are preferentially transmitted compared to CXCR4-using viruses.
|
18205925 |
2008 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
To examine the pathway of the coreceptor switching of CCR5-using (R5) virus to CXCR4-using (X4) virus in simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(SF162P3N)-infected rhesus macaque BR24, analysis was performed on variants present at 20 weeks postinfection, the time when the signature gp120 V3 loop sequence of the X4 switch variant was first detected by PCR.
|
18480460 |
2008 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Analysis of 117 individual viruses found that 69% of CXCR4-utilizing viruses versus 48% of R5 viruses had drug resistance mutations (P = 0.025).
|
18981780 |
2008 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Viruses using CCR5 as coreceptor (R5 viruses) are generally present over the entire course of infection whereas viruses using the CXCR4 coreceptor (R5X4/X4 viruses) emerge in about 50% of infected individuals during later stages of infection.
|
19446658 |
2010 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
In early infection CCR5-using viruses (R5 viruses) are mostly dominant while a receptor switch towards CXCR4 occurs in about 50% of the infected individuals (X4 viruses) which is associated with a progression of the disease.
|
19948048 |
2009 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Seventy-six percent of the viruses studied were predicted to use the CCR5 coreceptor for cell entry (R5 viruses), while 24% were predicted to use the CXCR4 or were classified as dual tropic viruses.
|
20854208 |
2010 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
In the course of an in vitro R5 infection, the delay of emergence of X4 mutants was similar between cells expressing 2 distinct cell surface CCR5 densities, but shorter (12 ± 0 days and 21 ± 0 days, respectively, P = 0.01) in cells expressing a high surface CXCR4 density as compared with cells with a low surface CXCR4 density.
|
20861743 |
2010 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
To gain insight in the transition from CCR5 to CXCR4 coreceptor use, we investigated whether acquisition of CXCR4 use in vitro of R5 viruses from four patients resembled this process in vivo.
|
21295814 |
2011 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Following a selective sweep, CXCR4-using variants subsequently emerged in the recipient coinciding with a further increase in the number of PNGS and V3 charge in the envelope of R5 viruses.
|
22047989 |
2012 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
disease |
BEFREE |
While R5 viruses using CCR5 coreceptor were predominant at birth (94%) and at early AIDS (85%), viruses using CXCR4 coreceptor emerged during the course of infection and were detected in 49% of children older than 84 months and in 62% of late AIDS.
|
22962615 |
2012 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Co-receptor usage of plasma virus from all treatment-naïve patients screened for a MVC clinical trial was assessed using phenotypic and genotypic methodologies to evaluate concordance between testing methods and to assess the quantity of CXCR4-using (non-R5) virus in samples giving discordant results.
|
23165088 |
2013 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
HIV-1 coreceptor tropism assays are required to rule out the presence of CXCR4-tropic (non-R5) viruses prior treatment with CCR5 antagonists.
|
23166726 |
2012 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
CCR5 antagonists are a powerful new class of antiretroviral drugs that require a companion assay to evaluate the presence of CXCR4-tropic (non-R5) viruses prior to use in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals.
|
23486708 |
2013 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
In approximately 70% of individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype B, the virus switches coreceptor use from exclusively CCR5 use (R5 virus) to either inclusion of or exclusively CXCR4 use (X4 virus) during infection.
|
23672855 |
2013 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
R5 viruses have long been thought to account for almost all strains present in primary HIV-1 infections (PHIs), but recent studies using sensitive phenotypic assays have revealed that 3%-6.4% of subjects also harbour CXCR4-using viruses.
|
23869053 |
2013 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
Two mothers harbored both R5 and CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses, but their children harbored only R5 viruses even though the X4 viruses were dominant in the mothers.
|
25826000 |
2015 |
|
ROSE Cluster 5
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
disease |
BEFREE |
HIV-1 requires the CD4 receptor and a coreceptor (CCR5 [R5 phenotype] or CXCR4 [X4 phenotype]) to enter cells.
|
27226378 |
2016 |