The effect of PIAS1 on cell migration and invasion was evaluated by scratch wound healing and Transwell chamber assays, and the protein expression of EMT markers and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 signaling pathway was examined by western blotting.
Similarly, specific inhibition of non-canonical NF-κB signaling by RNA interference-mediated silencing of NIK suppresses the BV6-induced cell elongation, migration and invasion as well as upregulation of NF-κB target genes.
Ectopic overexpression of miR-31 in various melanoma cell lines inhibited cell migration and invasion. miR-31 targets include oncogenic kinases such as SRC, MET, NIK (MAP3K14) and the melanoma specific oncogene RAB27a.
In addition, activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38 and alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt) are involved in the process of S1P-mediated induction of MMP-9 expression and invasion.