The mRNA expression of the antiviral genes, type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ1, interferon-λ2/3, and interferon-stimulated genes (retinoic acid inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation associated gene 5, oligoadenylate synthase, MxA and viperin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8), and rhinovirus replication and release were measured.
Viperin expression was further examined and also was increased in naturally acquired rhinovirus infections, as well as in cultured human epithelial cells infected with intact, but not replication-deficient, rhinovirus.