In contrast, generalized increased expression of miRs is observed in high-grade, muscle-invasive BC compared with adjacent normal bladder urothelium, including miRs predicted to target p53, such as miR-21 and miR-373.
Collectively, data revealed that the effect of resveratrol on bladder cancer cell apoptosis was due to miR‑21 regulation of the Akt/Bcl‑2 signaling pathway.
Blocking miR-21 function can be an effective diagnostic and therapeutic approach either by itself or in combination with existing methods to treat bladder cancer.
For example, miR-21, as a classic oncogene, was identified as the key regulator of PDCD4 by targeting its 3'-untranslated region (UTR) to promote tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion in colon, breast, and bladder carcinoma.
Importantly, we provide evidence that <i>PPP2R2A</i> represents a new miR-21 direct target and regulator of the ERK pathway and bladder cancer cell growth.Furthermore, i.v. administration of the MKAD-21 inhibitor effectively suppressed tumor growth through regulation of the PPP2R2A-ERK network in mice.<i></i>.
Collectively, these results suggest that formononetin exerts an anti-carcinogenic effect on BCa in vitro, which might be due to miR-21-mediated regulation of the PTEN/Akt pathway.
In accordance to the observed similarity between TGF-β variants and miR-21 gene expression alterations in bladder tumors, treating 5637 bladder cancer cell line with TGF-β recombinant protein caused a significant upregulation of miR-21.