So far the major findings have included: apolipoprotein E e4, a major risk factor for AD in most populations, is also a risk factor for AD in African Americans but not for Yoruba; African Americans are at higher risk not only for AD, but also for diseases associated with increased cardiovascular risk such as hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome; African Americans have higher rates of hypercholesterolemia than Yoruba: there is an interaction between apolipoprotein E e4, cholesterol, and AD risk in both Yoruba and African Americans.
In conclusion, we present evidence that combinations of SNPs in APOE and LPL identify subgroups of individuals at substantially increased risk of IHD beyond that associated with smoking, diabetes and hypertension.
In this population, we analyzed the relationship between background risk factors [age, gender, the G1691A polymorphisms of factor V gene, the C677T polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, the 844ins68bp polymorphisms of the cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) gene, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms] and environmental risk factors, both atherogenic (smoke, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity) and thrombogenic (smoke, homocysteine, fibrinogen) by a Markov block-recursive modeling approach.
In conclusion, in Slovene women risk genotypes of the apoE gene polymorphism are not associated with premature CAD; a metabolic clustering of diabetes, HDL, triglycerides and arterial hypertension is frequently present in Caucasian women with premature CAD.
APOE genotype significantly modified the associations between both midlife hypertension and cardiovascular disease and decline in language abilities and midlife diabetes and decline in verbal memory, attention, and visuospatial abilities.
Persons with higher age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), ApoE epsilon4 allele carriers (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15-3.64) and persons with medicated hypertension (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05-3.29) were more likely to convert to MCI than those individuals of lower age and without an ApoE epsilon4 allele or medicated hypertension.
This review article will highlight the molecular mechanisms by which peri-menopause may influence the female brain vulnerability to AD and AD risk factors, such as hypertension and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.
Two risk score versions were calculated: one including age, gender, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension; and one additionally including apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status.
This study shows the relevance of polymorphisms in APOB (odds ratio (OR), 1.17; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.74-1.85), APOC3 (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.82-2.17) and APOE (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.09-2.80), as genetic risk markers for hypercholesterolemia; polymorphisms in ACE (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.32-8.77) and AGT (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.97-3.14) for hypertension; and in APOE*3/*4 (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.70-2.51) and APOE*4/*4 (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.85-5.12) as unambiguous markers of dementia.
To determine 1) age-adjusted transition probabilities to worsening physical/cognitive function states, reversal to normal cognition/physical function, or maintenance of normal state; 2) whether these transitions are modulated by sex, BMI, education, hypertension (HTN), health status, or APOE4; 3) whether worsening gait speed preceded cognition change, or vice versa.
These results suggest that the presence of the APOE promoter polymorphism is not a major risk factor for hypertension but that it does have some minor effect on basal blood pressure variation.
Specifically, compared with normotensive women with the APOE e3/3 genotype, APOE e4 allele carriers with treated hypertension scored lower by 0.50 units (95%CI:-0.69,-0.31); however, the APOE e4 allele carriers with untreated hypertension scored lower by 1.02 units on the TICS score (95%CI:-1.29, -0.76).
Predictors of MCI were APOE ε4 allele (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89; p = 0.008), current depressive symptoms (HR 1.78; p = 0.02), midlife onset of hypertension (HR 2.43; p = 0.005), increasing number of vascular diseases (HR 1.13; p = 0.02), and chronic conditions from the Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR 1.08; p = 0.006).
Those with Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment were younger, more likely to have a positive PiB-PET scan and carry at least one apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele; those with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, prior stroke, lacunes, deep microbleeds, and carry the apolipoprotein E ɛ3 allele.
Prospective cohort study based on 54 general practices in the UK; 657 survivors of the 1088 participants in the MRC treatment trial of hypertension in older adults were followed for up to 11 years; 370 participants (57% of survivors) were traced, screened for dementia, and genotyped for APOE in 1994.
The authors examined the risk of AD associated with the APOE-epsilon4 allele, the APOE-epsilon2 allele, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, low educational level, estrogen replacement therapy, and history of head trauma with loss of consciousness among samples of white non-Hispanics (WNH) (392 AD patients, 202 normal subjects) and white Hispanics (WHIS) (188 AD patients, 84 normal controls).
Our results not only demonstrated potential interactions of APOE epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 and LDLR C1773T polymorphisms with risk of having ischemic stroke, but also added the evidence of independent role of hypertension and APOE epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 polymorphism in the development of this disorder in Northern Han Chinese.
Cardiovascular risk factors such as high serum cholesterol, presence of the Apolipoprotein epsilon4 (APOE epsilon4) allele and hypertension, play important roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease.