Mice melanoma cells (B16F10) were treated with fenofibrate or LPS or LPS + fenofibrate or pre-treated with CLI-095 (a TLR4 inhibitor), followed by fenofibrate.
The results indicate that pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, has a beneficial protective effect against melanoma via interfering with the TLR4-dependent signaling pathways.
In conclusion, the possible impact of TLR4-dependent signaling pathway in PTX resistance in BCA and melanoma is proposed and using PTX in combination with CpdA may attenuate TLR4-mediated PTX resistance in the treatment of the patients.
Next, the role of TLR4 in cell proliferation and migration was assessed using the TLR4-positive (TLR4(+)) melanoma cell lines 501mel and 888mel, and TLR4-negative (TLR4(‒)) 928mel melanoma cells.
Immunohistological examination revealed the presence of enterovirus in pancreatic islet cells and exocrine tissues and hyperexpression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including melanoma differentiation-associated antigen 5 (MDA5), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and TLR4, essential sensors of innate immunity, in islet cells and mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltrating islets.