In conclusion, these data suggested that APL‑13 has a proliferative effect on myocardium cells via the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and provide potential novel pharmaceutical targets for cardiovascular disease.
Ceramide, a bioactive lipid and signaling molecule associated with cardiovascular disease, is known to activate extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2).
Upregulation of CAR by knockdown of ERK1/2 may significantly improve Ad-mediated genetic modification of CSCs in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
In conclusion, DSP most likely activate ERK1/2 signal pathway-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional (translational) mechanisms that lead to vascular ET<sub>A</sub> receptor up-regulation, which might contribute to vasospasm and the development of smoking-associated cardiovascular diseases.