The VIP plasmid could effectively improve the pathological state of the OA rats knee joint, significantly decrease the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-2, and clearly increase the levels of VIP and serum IL-4.
More clinical investigations are necessary to determine the biology of VIP and its therapeutic potential in OA that might represent the future standards of care for OA.
Our data suggest that the role of VIP and CRF on ADAMTS expression and cartilage degradation could be related to the OA pathology since scarce effects were produced in HD-SF.
The effect of proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-17] and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands [poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] on IL-17R expression and IL-12 and IL-23 production was studied in osteoarthritis (OA)- and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-FLS, involved in Th1/Th17 differentiation.The effect of VIP was also determined.
The antagonistic effects of VIP on FLS proinflammatory factor production were reproduced by VPAC1- and VPAC2-specific agonists in OA FLS and RA FLS, respectively.
We investigated the potential effects of VIP in the regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and function in synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).