The haplotypes "CG" (Taq I-Apa I), "CGG" (Taq I-Apa I-Tru I), "CGC" (Taq I-Apa I-Fok I), "GCTG" (rs9729-Taq I-Apa I-Tru I), and "CGGC"(Taq I-Apa I, Tru I, Fok I) were less often transmitted, thus negatively associated with type 1 diabetes.
GLP-1 RA therapy represents an important add-on therapy option for achieving decreased insulin doses, weight loss, and modest improvements in HbA1c levels without significantly increasing hypoglycemia risk in patients with T1DM.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1) show a modest effect on glycaemia, if any, but significantly reduce weight, which may make them suitable for use in overweight T1DM patients.
The role of the autonomic nervous system in the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in patients with type 1 diabetes is unknown.
We suggest that regeneration of insulin-producing cells by GLP-1 gene therapy may be a potential method for prolonged control of type 1 diabetes in humans.
Combination therapy with GLP-1 and insulin could achieve an ideal treatment effect on glycemic control, weight loss and bolus insulin dose in patients with T1DM.
GLP-1 and ghrelin responses to the test meal, as well as the prevalence of GI symptoms, were similar between patients with T1DM and controls and between patients with T1DM with normal GE and those with delayed GE.
Combined treatment with an incretin-based drug, such as a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and basal insulin is a new strategy for improving glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Our work provides a unique human cellular model for regulated insulin release through genetic engineering of GLP-1-secreting intestinal cells, which is expected to be useful for cell-based therapies of IDD.
Recently, recessive mutations of the ZFP57 gene were reported in patients with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus type 1, showing hypomethylation at multiple imprinted loci, including KCNQ1OT1 DMR in some.
Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) that mediate β-cell dysfunction in T1D down-regulated HIP14 expression in insulin-secreting INS-1 cells and in isolated rat and human islets.
Analysis of CIITA encoding AIR-1 gene promoters in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis patients from the northeast of Italy: absence of sequence variability.
The analysis of reg1 beta gene showed nucleotide substitutions in exon 4 in one patient, exon 5 in another patient with type 1 diabetes, and in exon 4 and intron 5 in one patient with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy.
In addition, our results suggest a significant effect on T1D susceptibility for AC (Z score=2.30; p=0.02) and CTGGC (Z score=2.309, p=0.02) haplotypes of ZAP70 and PTPN22 genes, respectively.
It has been hypothesised that raised glucose levels in T1DM might be recognised as PAMPs, leading to immune response by overloading the cell receptors for pathogens recognition.