Higher NT-proBNP, hsTnT, and GDF-15 were also associated with a greater risk of HF with reduced EF; while higher NT-proBNP GDF-15 and sST2 were associated with HF with preserved EF.
GDF-15, a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in various diseases, such as heart failure, kidney dysfunction, and cancer.
In patients with acute coronary syndrome, baseline levels of NT-proBNP and GDF-15 were strong markers associated with all-cause death based on their associations with death due to heart failure as well as due to arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.
We assessed GDF-15 levels in 910 patients enrolled in the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial, a randomized clinical trial of exercise training in patients with HFrEF.Median follow-up was 30 months.
We aimed to analyse the association between high-level growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and mortality, recurrent MI and heart failure compared to low-level GDF-15 in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).