In patients with acute coronary syndrome, baseline levels of NT-proBNP and GDF-15 were strong markers associated with all-cause death based on their associations with death due to heart failure as well as due to arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.
We assessed GDF-15 levels in 910 patients enrolled in the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial, a randomized clinical trial of exercise training in patients with HFrEF.Median follow-up was 30 months.
We aimed to analyse the association between high-level growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and mortality, recurrent MI and heart failure compared to low-level GDF-15 in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Higher NT-proBNP, hsTnT, and GDF-15 were also associated with a greater risk of HF with reduced EF; while higher NT-proBNP GDF-15 and sST2 were associated with HF with preserved EF.
GDF-15, a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in various diseases, such as heart failure, kidney dysfunction, and cancer.