Consistently, we previously demonstrated that tamoxifen (TAM), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, attenuates the downregulation of AQP2 in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI).
GYY4137, a slow H<sub>2</sub>S donor, markedly improved urine concentration and prevented the down-regulation of renal AQP-2 protein expression in mice with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI).
In conclusion, adenine acts on renal tubules as a signaling molecule and causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with salt wasting, at least, by directly interfering with AVP V2 receptor signaling with subsequent downregulation of NKCC2 and AQP2 in the kidney.
Inhibition of aerobic glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) attenuated lithium-induced AQP2 downregulation in mpkCCD cells but did not attenuate Li-NDI in mice.
We used tubule suspensions of inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells from rat kidneys to investigate the effect of TGR5 signaling on aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression, and examined the <i>in vivo</i> effects of TGR5 in mice with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and <i>Tgr5</i> knockout (<i>Tgr5</i><sup>-/-</sup>) mice.
In conclusion, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren upregulates AQP2 protein expression in inner medullary collecting duct principal cells and prevents lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus likely via cAMP-PKA pathways.
Two processes are associated with progressive loss of renal function: 1) decreased aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression and urinary concentrating capacity (Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, NDI); and 2) changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, e.g. increased collagen I (Col I) deposition, characteristic of tubule-interstitial fibrosis.
AQP4-targeted therapies for neuromyelitis optica, enhancement of AQP2 function for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and AQP1-5 gene transfer for the Sjogren's syndrome represent promising therapies that deserve further investigation by clinical trials.
Human aquaporin 2 (AQP2) from the family of aquaporins assumes great physiological importance, owing to its association with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI).
• X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by AVPR2 mutations, and disease severity can vary depending on the functional effect of the mutation.
We present a simple graphical visualization medium for the representation of evolutionary influenced interaction pattern pairs (EIPPs) adapted to mutagen investigations of aquaporin-2, a protein whose mutants are involved in the rare endocrine disorder known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and membrane proteins in general.