This review focusses on the studies in PH and RHF that investigated the gene families that write (histone acetyltransferases, HATs), read (bromodomain-containing proteins, BRDPs) or erase (histone deacetylases, HDACs and Sirtuins, SIRT) acetyl moieties from the ε-amino group of lysine residues of histones and non-histone proteins.
In addition, under-expression of CCR3 to CCR8 was independently associated with an increased risk of mortality at 1 year, even after adjusting for RVF.
Based on current evidence, we suggest the potential utility of ST2, sST2, Gal-3, CRP, hs-cTn, and NT-proBNP in predicting and detecting RVF in cardiac surgery patients, as they encompass the multifaceted nature of perioperative RVF and warrant further investigation to establish their clinical utility.
However, positive staining for ET-1 was also seen in rats' hearts that suffered from arrhythmias after electric shock and in the myocardium of the right ventricle in human control cases in which a right heart failure has to be discussed.
Furthermore, right ventricle-targeted therapies, aimed at mitigating the effects of functional right ventricular failure, include β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, antioxidants, modulators of metabolism, and 5-hydroxytryptamine-2B (5-HT2B) receptor antagonists.
Current management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and symptoms of right heart failure includes use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for their diuretic and natriuretic effects.