The insulin signaling pathway was further analyzed for its close connections to Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways as well as for the containing of thymoma viral proto-oncogene-3 (Akt3) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (Gsk3b), which were both target genes predicted by most DE miRNA.
VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were expressed in vessels of all analysed tumour entities, and at higher levels in epithelial cells of A and B3 thymomas and TSQCCs. mRNA of Ang-2, but not of Ang-1, was significantly up-regulated in all thymoma subtypes, with the highest levels being found in A thymomas.
VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were expressed in vessels of all analysed tumour entities, and at higher levels in epithelial cells of A and B3 thymomas and TSQCCs. mRNA of Ang-2, but not of Ang-1, was significantly up-regulated in all thymoma subtypes, with the highest levels being found in A thymomas.
Western blot revealed that lysates of nine of the ten thymoma specimens reacted with anti-human AQP4 antibody with a band of ~30 kDa compatible with the molecular weight of AQP4.
We have applied spectral karyotyping (SKY) to chemically induced plasmocytomas, mammary gland tumours from transgenic mice overexpressing the c-myc oncogene and thymomas from mice deficient for the ataxia telangiectasia (Atm) gene.
Serine/threonine protein kinase v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt) is one of the survival kinases with multiple biological functions in the brain and throughout the body.
The protein level changes of p27, p21, Caspase 3 (CASP3), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), and v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene (AKT) were detected by Western blot.
Gankyrin deficiency decreased the expression of Bmi1, a downstream molecule of c-Myc, and the activity of V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, leading to reduced Apc inactivation-induced tumorigenesis.
In the two thymoma patients in our family, targeted sequencing of RAD51L1 and BMP2 genes in and near the translocation site of chromosome 14 and 20 previously reported in two thymoma families, did not find any pathogenic mutation.
Based on available data, the most popular and active regimens are cisplatin-anthracycline (CAP or ADOC) or cisplatin-etoposide combinations that should be recommended when considering first-line chemotherapy in thymoma or thymic carcinoma.
Functional expression of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human thymus and thymomas from myasthenia gravis patients.
Multidisciplinary treatment using induction CAMP therapy and surgical resection for thymoma patients with pleural dissemination was effective and feasible.
Based on available data, the most popular and active regimens are cisplatin-anthracycline (CAP or ADOC) or cisplatin-etoposide combinations that should be recommended when considering first-line chemotherapy in thymoma or thymic carcinoma.
Expression of apoptosis-associated proteins (including cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase [PARP]) and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (AKT) signalling pathway were detected by Western blotting.
Rare cases of acquired rippling muscle disease with abnormal caveolin-3 localisation have been reported, without primary caveolin-3 mutations and in association with myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies, or thymoma.